Causes
- Chronic dehydration
- excess urinary calcium
- oxalate or uric acid
- lack of protective citrate in urine
Symptoms
- Sudden severe spasmodic flank pain radiating to the lower belly and groin
- blood in urine
- vomiting
- burning
Risk Factors
- Low daily water intake
- high salt diet
- excessive animal protein
- hot climates
- family history