Blood Pressure 

Blood Pressure 

Blood Pressure (BP) is the force of blood pushing against the walls of arteries as the heart pumps. It is recorded as two numbers:

  • Systolic BP (upper number) – pressure when the heart beats

  • Diastolic BP (lower number) – pressure when the heart rests

Abnormal blood pressure can be of two types:

  • High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) – persistently elevated BP

  • Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension) – abnormally low BP

Uncontrolled blood pressure increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and vision problems.

Blood Pressure

Normal Blood Pressure Levels (Adults)

  • Normal: ~120/80 mmHg

  • Elevated: 120–129 / <80 mmHg

  • Hypertension: ≥130/80 mmHg

  • Hypotension: <90/60 mmHg (with symptoms)

High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)

What is Hypertension?

Hypertension is a chronic condition where blood pressure remains high over time, often without obvious symptoms. It is called the “silent killer” because complications can occur without warning signs.

Causes

  • Genetic predisposition

  • Excess salt intake

  • Obesity

  • Physical inactivity

  • Stress

  • Smoking and alcohol

  • Diabetes and kidney disease

Symptoms (Often None)

  • Headache

  • Dizziness

  • Nosebleeds (rare)

  • Chest pain or breathlessness (in severe cases)

Complications

  • Heart attack and heart failure

  • Stroke

  • Kidney damage

  • Vision loss

  • Peripheral artery disease

Low Blood Pressure (Hypotension)

What is Hypotension?

Low blood pressure can cause inadequate blood flow to organs, leading to dizziness and fainting.

Causes

  • Dehydration

  • Blood loss

  • Heart problems

  • Endocrine disorders

  • Certain medications

  • Sudden standing (postural hypotension)

Symptoms

  • Dizziness or light-headedness

  • Fainting

  • Blurred vision

  • Fatigue

  • Nausea

Complications

  • Falls and injuries

  • Shock (in severe cases)

  • Organ damage due to poor perfusion

Risk Factors for Abnormal BP

  • Age above 35–40 years

  • Family history

  • Obesity

  • Sedentary lifestyle

  • High-salt diet

  • Smoking and alcohol use

  • Stress

  • Diabetes and kidney disease