Menopause

Menopause

Menopause is a natural biological phase in a woman’s life marked by the permanent cessation of menstrual periods due to a decline in ovarian hormone production (estrogen and progesterone). A woman is considered menopausal after 12 consecutive months without periods. It usually occurs between 45–55 years of age, though timing can vary.

Menopause

What is Menopause?

Menopause signals the end of reproductive years. The transition doesn’t happen suddenly—it occurs gradually through stages:

  1. Perimenopause (Menopause Transition)

    • Begins several years before menopause

    • Hormone levels fluctuate

    • Periods become irregular

    • Symptoms like hot flashes and mood changes start

  2. Menopause

    • Diagnosed after 12 months without menstruation

  3. Postmenopause

    • The years after menopause

    • Symptoms may reduce, but health risks related to low estrogen increase

Causes

  • Natural aging and decline in ovarian function

  • Surgical removal of ovaries (surgical menopause)

  • Chemotherapy or radiation therapy

  • Certain medical conditions (autoimmune disorders)

  • Genetic factors

Common Symptoms

Physical Symptoms

  • Hot flashes and night sweats

  • Irregular periods (during perimenopause)

  • Vaginal dryness

  • Decreased libido

  • Sleep disturbances

  • Fatigue

  • Joint and muscle pain

  • Weight gain

Emotional & Mental Symptoms

  • Mood swings

  • Anxiety or depression

  • Irritability

  • Difficulty concentrating (“brain fog”)

  • Memory issues

Health Changes After Menopause

Due to low estrogen levels, women may experience:

  • Bone loss (osteoporosis)

  • Increased risk of heart disease

  • Changes in cholesterol levels

  • Urinary problems

  • Thinning of skin and hair