Sciatica refers to pain that occurs when the sciatic nerve, the largest nerve in the body, becomes irritated or compressed. The pain typically starts in the lower back or buttock and radiates down one leg, sometimes reaching the foot. Sciatica is a symptom of an underlying spinal or nerve condition rather than a disease itself.
Common Symptoms
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Sharp, burning, or shooting pain radiating from the lower back to the leg
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Pain affecting one side of the body
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Numbness, tingling, or “pins and needles” in the leg or foot
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Muscle weakness in the affected leg
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Pain that worsens with sitting, coughing, or bending
Causes
Sciatica is most commonly caused by pressure on the sciatic nerve, which may result from:
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Herniated or bulging disc
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Spinal stenosis
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Degenerative disc disease
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Spondylolisthesis
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Muscle spasm or inflammation (such as piriformis syndrome)
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Injury or trauma to the spine
Risk Factors
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Prolonged sitting or sedentary lifestyle
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Poor posture or improper lifting techniques
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Obesity
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Aging-related spinal changes
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Occupations involving heavy lifting or long periods of sitting
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on:
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Medical history and physical examination
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Neurological assessment of strength, reflexes, and sensation
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Imaging tests (MRI or CT scan) if symptoms are severe, persistent, or worsening