Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the joints and surrounding tissues. It occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium—the lining of the joints—leading to pain, swelling, stiffness, and progressive joint damage. If untreated, RA can result in joint deformity and disability and may also affect other organs in the body.
Key Features
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Long-term inflammatory condition
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Typically affects joints on both sides of the body
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Can involve organs such as the heart, lungs, eyes, and blood vessels
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Symptoms often fluctuate between flare-ups and remission
Common Symptoms
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Joint pain, swelling, and tenderness
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Morning stiffness lasting more than one hour
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Reduced joint movement
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Fatigue and general weakness
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Low-grade fever
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Loss of appetite
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Joint deformities in advanced disease
The small joints of the hands, wrists, and feet are most commonly affected, but larger joints may also be involved.
Causes
The exact cause of rheumatoid arthritis is unknown. It is believed to develop due to a combination of:
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Immune system abnormalities
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Genetic susceptibility
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Environmental factors, such as smoking or infections
RA is not caused by aging, physical activity, or joint wear and tear.